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A cell is described as having an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 
. What does this mean?
1 coulomb of charge always dissipates 
of energy in the internal resistance of the cell.
1 electron gains of energy when passing through the cell.
There is a potential difference of applied across any external circuit connected to the cell.
When 1 coulomb of charge passes through the cell, of chemical energy is transformed.
